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发布于 2025-05-10 / 2 阅读
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ubuntu系统常用操作

密码

sudo passwd root

防火墙

ufw enable | disable

设置host

sudo gedit /etc/hosts
保存并重启网络
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

查看时区

date -R

选择时区

tzselect
4-亚洲

静态ip

https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1933335

镜像源：

vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d

镜像源地址

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

#deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

更新镜像源

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

内存

free -m

存储空间

df -hl：查看磁盘剩余空间
df -h：查看每个根路径的分区大小
du -sh [目录名]：返回该目录的大小
du -sm [文件夹]：返回该文件夹总M数
du -h [目录名]：查看指定文件夹下的所有文件大小（包含子文件夹）

显示文件/文件夹

du -sh extensions

环境变量

vim /etc/profile
在profile中添加：export PATH="/root/ubuntu/binaries/:$PATH"
执行source /etc/profile命令更新配置

软连接

ln -s /home/ide/167350/nodejs/bin/node /usr/bin/node
ln -s /home/ide/167350/nodejs/bin/npm /usr/bin/npm

统一

ln -s /usr/local/nodejs/bin/node /usr/bin/node
ln -s /usr/local/nodejs/bin/npm /usr/bin/npm
ln -s /usr/local/nodejs/bin/npm /usr/local/bin/npm

jdk

ln -s /usr/local/jdk8/bin/java /usr/bin/java

mvn

ln -s /usr/local/maven/bin/mvn /usr/bin/mvn
ln -s /usr/local/maven/bin/mvnDebug /usr/bin/mvnDebug

暂时清除所有环境变量

export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin

export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_321.jdk/Contents/Home/
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk8
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin

export MAVEN_HOME=/Users/gaopuguang/apache-maven-3.9.0
export PATH=$PATH:$MAVEN_HOME/bin

export MAVEN_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven-3.5.0
export PATH=
$PATH:
$MAVEN_HOME/bin
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/temurin-8.jdk/Contents/Home
export PATH=
$PATH:
$JAVA_HOME/bin

登录权限：

配置root登录

vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin yes
PermitEmptyPasswords yes
重启 ssh service sshd restart

开机启动：

1.编辑rc.local文件
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/rc.local
2.修改rc.local文件，在 exit 0 前面加入以下命令。保存并退出。
/etc/init.d/mysqld start # mysql开机启动
/etc/init.d/nginx start # nginx开机启动
supervisord -c /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf # supervisord开机启动
/bin/bash /server/scripts/test.sh >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
3.最后修改rc.local文件的执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 755 /etc/rc.local

注册开机启动服务

suidao网络穿透服务开机启动项

[Unit]
Description=suidao
[Service]
Type=simple
WorkingDirectory=/soft/suidao/
ExecStart=/soft/suidao/./SuiDao.Client
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

查找文件：

find / -name kubectl 或者
whereis xxx

压缩、解压：

压缩

tar -zcvf xxx.tar.gz sourcedir

解压

tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz
文件挂载：

查看硬盘挂载情况

fdisk -l

查看当前分区情况

df -l

给新硬盘添加新分区

fdisk /dev/vdb

分区完成，查询所有设备的文件系统类型

blkid

挂载

挂载需要将硬盘挂载在挂载点上（一个文件夹），但是mount并不会创建文件夹，所以在使用mount命令之前首先创建挂载点

–查看/dev/sfdb1的格式

blkid

mkdir /mnt/storage
将新分区 /dev/vdb1 挂载到/mnt/storage挂载点下

mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/storage/
mount /dev/vdb /ebs
mount -t ext4 /dev/vdb /ebs

格式化

mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb
mkfs.ext4 -f /dev/sdb

查看是否挂载成功

mount

1、df -h #查看硬盘挂载的节点
2、sudo umount /dev/ # （挂载的节点）解除挂载
3、sudo -i（sudo su）#切换到 root 用户下
4、mkfs.ext4 /dev/ #将硬盘格式化成 ext4 格式
5、mount /dev/ /media/ # （mount /dev/sda /media/ubuntu）硬盘挂载
6、格式化完成。（下一步，更改盘符名称）
7、df -h #查看硬盘挂载的节点 （附录也可以实现）
8、sudo umount /dev/ # （挂载的节点）解除挂载
9、sudo e2label /dev/ newname #更改盘符名称 eg：sudo e2label /dev/sda1 MKZ015
10、mount /dev/ /media/ # （mount /dev/sda /media/ubuntu）硬盘挂载
开机自动挂载

查看uuid

blkid
UUID=“db32cc57-4511-4efb-8f31-938ff92ad2fd”

挂载到 /etc/fstab

echo “UUID=e943fbb7-020a-4c64-a48a-2597eb2496df /vdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0” » /etc/fstab
echo “UUID=f3471f7b-a676-4f54-92d1-4f26e4ddf88d /sdb ext4 defaults 0 0” » /etc/fstab

/dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID=“F73D-BB1F” TYPE=“vfat” PARTUUID=“bc35dc78-3d7f-458f-bd8c-1059fcb5a4ae”
/dev/nvme0n1p2: UUID=“2f49137e-6988-43b2-aafa-77b0bb67cef6” TYPE=“ext4” PARTUUiID=“73987121-275a-472f-a678-d9c728c273f2”
/dev/nvme0n1p3: UUID=“pWejAN-yBnf-JLrk-gXYk-5rNR-WSrO-We137z” TYPE=“LVM2_member” PARTUUID=”
d7a12983-58b8-4670-835a-4afd0d35da25”
/dev/sdb1: LABEL=“1804M-iM-+M-XM-fM-YM-.M-eM-EM-I” UUID=“D6DE13E6DE13BDA5” TYPE=“ntfs” PARTUUID=“b2c644dd-01”
/dev/sda: UUID=“f3471f7b-a676-4f54-92d1-4f26e4ddf88d” TYPE=“ext4”
/dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv: UUID=“c9a3dacb-bd91-4c73-87bf-dbe4b4105f33” TYPE=“ext4”
/dev/loop0: TYPE=“squashfs”
/dev/loop1: TYPE=“squashfs”
/dev/loop2: TYPE=“squashfs”
root@ubuntu:/sda/share# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/disk/sdc1/by-uuid/f3471f7b-a676-4f54-92d1-4f26e4ddf88d /sdc ext4 defaults 0 1
/dev/disk/sdb1/by-uuid/D6DE13E6DE13BDA5 /sdb ntfs defaults 0 1
/dev/disk/sda1/by-uuid/AC3C7E1D3577D220 /sda ext4 defaults 0 1

或者

vim /etc/fstab

将 /etc/fstab 中定义的所有档案系统挂上。

mount -a
df -h

查看已经挂载上，说明配置没有问题，再重启机器。

2、检查
longqiping@ubuntu:~$ df /tmp
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv 65019484 62892356 0 100% /
发现/tmp所在的/即ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv的空间没有了。
查看lvm卷组的信息
root@ubuntu:/home/longqiping# vgdisplay
— Volume group —
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <126.50 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 32383
Alloc PE / Size 16192 / 63.25 GiB
Free PE / Size 16191 / <63.25 GiB
VG UUID 8cak6E-4fZv-kGgq-lsOA-9FHC-Ju7R-kn2RJy
3、解决
使用命令进行磁盘扩容
lvextend -L 10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv //增大或减小至19G
lvextend -L +10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv //增加10G
lvextend -L +800G /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv //增加10G
lvreduce -L -10G /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv //减小10G
lvresize -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv //按百分比扩
lvresize -l +90%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv
使用如下命令，将/tmp增加60G
root@ubuntu:/home/longqiping# lvresize -L +60G /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv
Size of logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv changed from 63.25 GiB (16192 extents) to 123.25 GiB (31552 extents).
Logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv successfully resized.
扩容
root@ubuntu:/home/longqiping# resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv
resize2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 8, new_desc_blocks = 16
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv is now 32309248 (4k) blocks long.
看看效果
root@ubuntu:/home/longqiping# vgdisplay
— Volume group —
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <126.50 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 32383
Alloc PE / Size 31552 / 123.25 GiB
Free PE / Size 831 / <3.25 GiB
VG UUID 8cak6E-4fZv-kGgq-lsOA-9FHC-Ju7R-kn2RJy

root@ubuntu:/home/longqiping# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 16G 0 16G 0% /dev
tmpfs 3.2G 1.5M 3.2G 1% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv 122G 61G 56G 52% /
tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda2 976M 396M 514M 44% /boot
/dev/loop0 49M 49M 0 100% /snap/core18/1883
/dev/vda1 511M 3.5M 508M 1% /boot/efi
/dev/loop1 49M 49M 0 100% /snap/core18/1990
/dev/loop2 27M 27M 0 100% /snap/snapd/11043
/dev/loop3 29M 29M 0 100% /snap/snapd/11115
/dev/loop5 62M 62M 0 100% /snap/lxd/19206
/dev/loop4 63M 63M 0 100% /snap/lxd/19648
tmpfs 3.2G 0 3.2G 0% /run/user/1000

linux防火墙
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